Caracterización biofísica de sistemas agroforestales con especies florales con potencial apícola, en la comunidad Chuipoj, Santa María Visitación, Sololá

Abstract

La pérdida de la flora y fauna está en constante aumento, según J. Loening & Markussen, (2003), los ecosistemas se encuentran en colapso, el cambio climático se acelera y la biodiversidad de especies disminuye constante y considerablemente; la población mundial aumenta diariamente, demandando alimentos en colosales cantidades y demandando espacio para vivir, esto lleva al aumento de la frontera agrícola y al cambio del uso del suelo para infraestructura; destruyendo bosques, ecosistemas y lo más importante, la biodiversidad. Stefanescu, et al. (2018) argumenta que, la población de las abejas también ha disminuido por estos problemas, siendo las abejas las mayores polinizadoras para la conservación de la biodiversidad, su disminución poblacional provoca que algunas especies de flora se encuentran al borde de la extinción, con el fin de contribuir a la conservación de la biodiversidad en Guatemala, se proporcionó información sobre el manejo de la biodiversidad mediante la determinación de las características biofísicas de sistemas agroforestales colindantes al apiario Apis Juyú, así mismo se evaluó si algunas de las especies inmersas contribuyen a la alimentación y al aumento de la población de las abejas, es decir, si estas son melíferas o demuestran lo contrario, ya que existe simbiosis entre las plantas y las abejas. Para esto, se determinaron nueve (9) aspectos biofísicos, siendo estos: la biodiversidad, uso del suelo, temperatura, humedad relativa, textura, pH y perfil del suelo, altitud y pendiente. Para la biodiversidad en el apiario, se realizó la identificación de árboles mediante un censo forestal, la identificación de familias de herbáceas y especies arbustivas mediante un muestreo sistemático; con los datos obtenidos, se realizó el análisis y la aplicación del índice de Shannon demostrando el nivel de biodiversidad presente. Seguidamente se realizó el mismo proceso en los sistemas agroforestales aledaños al área del apiario en un radio de 0.3 kilómetros, dando un total de ocho (8) SAF incluyendo el apiario. Luego, se determinaron el resto de los factores biofísicos como: el Uso del suelo mediante la observación de los elementos que interactúan en los SAF, la temperatura y la humedad relativa por medio de un registrador Bluethooth y un GPS en diferentes horarios para determinar la media de ambos datos, la textura, el pH y el perfil del suelo con ayuda de calicatas y muestras de suelo elegidas sistemáticamente, la altitud y pendiente mediante GPS y un nivel tipo A.

The loss of flora and fauna is constantly increasing, according to J. Loening & Markussen, (2003), ecosystems are in collapse, climate change is accelerating and the biodiversity of species is constantly and considerably decreasing; the world population increases daily, demanding food in colossal quantities and demanding space to live, this leads to the increase of the agricultural frontier and the change of land use for infrastructure; destroying forests, ecosystems and most importantly, biodiversity. Stefanescu, et al., (2018) argues that, the bee population has also decreased due to these problems, being bees the major pollinators for biodiversity conservation, their population decline causes some species of flora to be on the verge of extinction, in order to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in Guatemala, information on biodiversity management was provided by determining the biophysical characteristics of agroforestry systems adjacent to the Apis Juyú apiary, and it was also evaluated if some of the immersed species contribute to feeding and increasing the bee population, that is, if they are melliferous or show the opposite, since there is symbiosis between plants and bees. To this end, nine (9) biophysical aspects were identified: biodiversity, land use, temperature, relative humidity, texture, pH and soil profile, altitude and slope. For the biodiversity of the apiary, trees were identified through a forest census, herbaceous families and shrub species were identified through systematic sampling; with the data obtained, the analysis and application of Shannon's index was carried out, showing the level of biodiversity present. Next, the same process was carried out in the agroforestry systems surrounding the apiary within a radius of 0.3 km, giving a total of eight (8) SAFs including the apiary. The remaining biophysical factors were then determined, such as Land use by observing the elements that interact in the FAS, temperature and relative humidity by means of a Bluetooth recorder and a GPS at different times to determine the average of both data, texture, pH and soil profile by means of calicatas and soil samples systematically selected, altitude and slope by means of GPS and a type A level. With the analysis of the field data of the biophysical characteristics, the plant species considered to be melliferous that increase the diversity in the production systems, contribute to the population growth of bees, and that conserve and increase the biological diversity of the municipality of Santa María Visitación, Sololá were determined. Subsequently, 3 herbaceous melliferous species were implemented; (Ocimum basilicum L.) basil, (Matricaria chamomilla) iv chamomile, (Ruta graveolens) rue, 3 shrub melliferous species; (Baccharis latifolia) yellow chilca, (Coffea arabica) coffee, (Prunus domestica L.) plum and 3 melliferous species of coffee, (Prunus domestica L.) plum and 3 melliferous species of bees. ) plum and 3 forest melliferous species; (Cedrela odorata) cedar, (Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.) palo de jiote, (Prunus laurocerasus) laurel in the apiary area based on (Reyes Donis & Solórzano Castillo, 2023), with the purpose of strengthening the apiary. Through the study, it was determined that the biological diversity of the bee intervention area is within the normal range in the three strata (forest, shrub and herbaceous), and that 77.5% of the species are melliferous, so it is determined that the total area adjacent to the apiary provides food for the bees and maintains the levels of biodiversity. It was also determined that the maximum temperature of the site is 25° and the minimum is 12°. The relative humidity in the morning (6:00 am) is 51.12%, the relative humidity at midday (12:30 pm) is 76.5%, and the relative humidity at night (6:00 pm) is 71.2%. Regarding the soil, it was determined that it is mostly loam soils with a neutral hydrogen potential and a standard arable layer, that the altitude of the site is 2088.67 meters above sea level with average slopes of 28.66%. Therefore, the intervened area is ideal for the symbiosis of apiaries and agroforestry systems. Finally, with the results obtained from this research, we intend to promote biodiversity conservation, increase the productivity of agroforestry systems and the incorporation of melliferous species that contribute to sustainable beekeeping, and thus continue to be a megadiverse Guatemala as stated by OTECBIO CONAP, 2008).